Comparative assessment of composting methods for the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: physicochemical...

Changes in consumption patterns, urbanization, and industrialization have led to the generation of large volumes of municipal solid waste (MSW), posing threats to environmental sustainability. This study aimed to compost the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) using three composting methods: windrow (WC), pit (PC), and drum composting (DC). Distilled water was used in compost preparation and sample analysis. WC showed the highest degradation rate, producing compost in the shortest time, followed by PC and DC. Physicochemical parameters of the final compost, including pH (7.9-8.3), EC (3.6-4.0 dS m^{- 1}), MC (29-39%), TOC (18-20%), and C/N ratio (15.7-17.1), were within acceptable ranges according to US and European composting standards. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in TOC and EC values, highlighting WC as the most effective method for degrading and stabilizing organic matter. Micronutrients (Zn, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn) and heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg) in all composts remained below critical thresholds defined by European regulations, ensuring safety for organic agriculture. Overall, the study provides practical insights into optimizing OFMSW management. Compost produced through WC demonstrates excellent potential as potting media or organic soil amendment, supporting sustainable, safe, and environmentally friendly crop cultivation.