The Interplay of Family Dynamics, Lifestyle, and ADHD: A Case-Control Study on Sociodemographic Risk Factors

The study aims to assess familial and environmental characteristics and daily routines (nutrition, sleep, and screen time) associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Turkish children and compare them with typically developing peers.

A case-control study was conducted with 106 ADHD-diagnosed children and 100 typically developing peers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to determine risk factors for ADHD. Descriptive analyses summarized data, and logistic regression estimated ADHD associations between ADHD status and familial environmental factors.

Lower parental education and employment rates, alongside increased screen time and unhealthy dietary habits, were associated with ADHD risk. Rates of hyperactivity and impulsivity were higher in parents of ADHD-diagnosed children than in the control group (p < 0.01). Additionally, ADHD children had significantly higher screen time, snack, and sugar consumption compared to controls (all p < 0.001).

These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of ADHD risk, emphasizing the interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and modifiable lifestyle factors. Integrating family-based interventions and targeted public health strategies may be crucial in addressing these associated factors and supporting developmental outcomes for children with ADHD.