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Related Concept Videos

Synesthesia01:27

Synesthesia

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Synesthesia is a remarkable condition where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. People with synesthesia experience a blending or crossing of their senses, such as sight and sound, leading to cross-modal sensations. In this condition, the stimulation of one sense, such as hearing a number or musical note, triggers an experience of another sense, like sensing a specific color, taste, or smell. People...
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Schemas01:42

Schemas

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia
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A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia

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Seeing something new or with new eyes?

Robert K Hills1

  • 1Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

British Journal of Haematology
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is emerging in patients with Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1)-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This commentary discusses why this novel finding in AML patients may be appearing now.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complex hematologic malignancy.
  • Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutations are common in AML.
  • Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore reasons for the novel observation of ET in NPM1-mutated AML patients.
  • To discuss the potential implications of ET emergence in this specific AML cohort.
  • To comment on the evolving understanding of AML pathogenesis and progression.

Main Methods:

  • This is a commentary, not an original research study.
  • It analyzes and discusses existing literature and a specific case report.
  • Focuses on theoretical explanations and clinical observations.
Keywords:
AMLcommentaryessential thrombocythemia

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Main Results:

  • The commentary highlights the novelty of observing ET in NPM1-mutated AML.
  • It suggests increased surveillance or a true biological association may explain the finding.
  • The emergence of ET could represent a new facet of AML evolution.

Conclusions:

  • The co-occurrence of ET and NPM1-mutated AML warrants further investigation.
  • Understanding this association may refine AML classification and treatment strategies.
  • This finding underscores the complexity and heterogeneity of hematologic malignancies.