Risks associated with CRISPR homing gene drive

CRISPR homing gene drive is a disruptive biotechnology developed over the past decade with potential applications in public health, agriculture, and conservation biology. This technology relies on an autonomous selfish genetic element able to spread in natural populations through the release of gene drive individuals. However, it has not yet been deployed in the wild. In this review, we examine the key risks associated with CRISPR homing gene drives. First, we explore technical limitations, where gene drives might not be as efficient as intended, and cases where mitigation strategies may not be able to block a gene drive. Then, we present four main categories of adverse effects: (a) ecological risks, corresponding to unintended consequences on ecosystems and non-target populations; (b) sociological risks, i.e. concerns over public perception, governance, and societal acceptance; (c) risks associated with research activities; and (d) risks associated with malevolent usage. Regulatory aspects are not addressed here. This article provides a foundation for evaluating gene drive risks to ensure responsible and informed decision-making.