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Related Concept Videos

Three-Dimensional Force System01:30

Three-Dimensional Force System

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In mechanical engineering, a three-dimensional force system is a system of forces acting in three dimensions, with forces applied along the x, y, and z coordinate axes. The three-dimensional force system is an important concept in mechanical engineering, as it allows engineers to understand and analyze the behavior of objects and structures in three dimensions. By understanding the forces acting on a system, engineers can design more efficient and effective mechanical systems that can withstand...
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All-In-One Iontronic Sensing Aligner for High-Precision 3D Orthodontic Force Monitoring.

Jiahao Guo1,2, Qin Niu3, Jilei Xu1,2

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces the Orthodontic Force Acquisition System (OFAS) for real-time, 3D force measurement in clear aligners. OFAS enables accurate, quantitative orthodontic force monitoring, improving treatment adjustments.

Keywords:
clear alignerconformal integrationiontronic sensingorthodontic force measurementtooth movement

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Orthodontics

Background:

  • Clear aligners offer aesthetic and comfort benefits but lack real-time quantitative force evaluation, relying on empirical judgment or optical scanning.
  • Current challenges for integrating pressure sensors in aligners include miniaturization, multi-dimensional sensing, accuracy, and biocompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an all-in-one Orthodontic Force Acquisition System (OFAS) for real-time, 3D orthodontic force monitoring.
  • To overcome limitations of current force measurement techniques in clear aligner therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a cross-shaped iontronic sensing array with a cross-linked polyelectrolyte for low creep and high repeatability.
  • Integrated an origami-inspired, wireless, battery-free readout circuit miniaturized for single-tooth placement.
  • Achieved 1.14% measurement accuracy in the developed OFAS.

Main Results:

  • OFAS enabled accurate real-time, 3D force monitoring in orthodontic clear aligners.
  • A 15-day in vivo study showed OFAS captured dynamic force profiles with high correlation to tooth displacement (R² > 0.99).

Conclusions:

  • The OFAS system is feasible for real-time, quantitative orthodontic force measurement.
  • This technology enables timely and precise adjustments in clear aligner treatment.