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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

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Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
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Decoding vascular dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: from endothelial damage to clinical implications.

Ryan Massay1, Carleigh Zahn1,2, Pei-Suen Tsou1,2

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Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) vasculopathy involves endothelial cell injury and dysfunction, driving disease progression. Advances in omics and diagnostics offer new therapeutic targets for this hallmark SSc complication.

Keywords:
diagnosisendothelial cellssclerodermatreatmentvasculopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Vascular dysfunction is a critical component of systemic sclerosis (SSc), impacting patient morbidity and mortality.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of SSc vasculopathy is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of vascular dysfunction in SSc.
  • To explore the role of endothelial cell (EC) injury, senescence, and transition in SSc.
  • To discuss emerging diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for SSc vasculopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in SSc vascular research.
  • Analysis of molecular profiling techniques like single-cell and spatial omics.
  • Examination of clinical manifestations and diagnostic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial cell (EC) injury, senescence, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition are key to SSc vasculopathy.
  • Omics studies reveal distinct EC subtypes and dysregulated pathways (e.g., interferon signaling).
  • Clinical complications include Raynaud's phenomenon, digital ulcers, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and renal crisis; nailfold capillaroscopy aids early detection.

Conclusions:

  • Vascular dysfunction is a hallmark and driver of SSc progression.
  • Molecular profiling and imaging enhance understanding and identify therapeutic targets.
  • Early diagnosis, biomarker-guided care, and multidisciplinary management are vital for improved SSc outcomes.