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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Mechanisms Underlying Hazardous Alcohol Use After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Makenzie Patarino1,2,3,4, Jenna Sanders1,3, Abigail G Schindler1,2,3,4,5,6

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Alcohol Research : Current Reviews
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can increase the risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD) through biological mechanisms like inflammation and neurodegeneration. Further research is needed to establish causality and develop preventative measures for individuals with mTBI and hazardous drinking.

Keywords:
alcoholdopamineexecutive functionneurodegenerationneuroinflammationreward processingtraumatraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) share a complex, bidirectional relationship.
  • Biological mechanisms following mTBI may predispose individuals to hazardous alcohol use and increase AUD risk.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing preventative and therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature (2021-2024) on how mTBI consequences influence hazardous alcohol use and AUD development.
  • To explore physiological, emotional, and behavioral pathways linking mTBI to increased risk of AUD.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline using keywords: "alcohol, traumatic brain injury, TBI".
  • Inclusion of English articles published after March 2021, with relevant older papers identified through reviews.
  • Exclusion of studies focusing on moderate/severe TBI, adolescent populations, pre-existing AUD, acute outcomes, or TBI during intoxication.

Main Results:

  • The review identified 42 relevant articles from an initial search of 196.
  • Key mechanisms discussed include inflammation, immune signaling, neuroendocrine alterations, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, dopamine signaling, and behavioral impairments.
  • Limited research currently exists on the gut-microbiome axis in this context.

Conclusions:

  • mTBI is associated with increased risk for AUD through various biological and behavioral mechanisms.
  • Few studies have concurrently investigated alcohol use and mTBI outcomes, highlighting a need for direct causal research.
  • Future preclinical and clinical studies are essential for establishing causality and informing preventative and treatment strategies for individuals experiencing both mTBI and hazardous alcohol use.