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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

22.0K
Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Circular Shafts - Elastoplastic Materials01:24

Circular Shafts - Elastoplastic Materials

466
The study of solid circular shafts under stress shows that within the elastic limit, stress increases directly to the distance from the shaft's center. This relationship holds until the shaft reaches a critical point of stress, beyond which it begins to yield, marking the transition from elastic to plastic deformation. At this crucial juncture, the maximum torque the shaft can endure without permanent deformation is determined, signifying the limit of its elastic behavior.
As torque on the...
466
Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum: Problem Solving01:19

Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum: Problem Solving

482
Consider a ball of mass m, attached to a massless rod of known length, subjected to a time-dependent torque. If the initial velocity of the mass is known, then the final velocity of the mass for time t can be determined using the principle of angular impulse and momentum.
Initially, a free-body diagram of the system is drawn to illustrate all the forces acting upon the system, providing a crucial understanding of the dynamics at play. Then, the principle of angular impulse and momentum is...
482
Motion of a Projectile01:23

Motion of a Projectile

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Projectile motion becomes evident when a player kicks the ball into the air. The launch angle, or the angle at which the ball is kicked, plays a crucial role in determining the trajectory of the projectile. As the ball soars through the air, influenced solely by gravity, its motion can be dissected into two independent velocity components: the horizontal and the vertical.
Horizontal motion, governed by the initial kick, maintains a constant velocity throughout the flight of the soccer ball.
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Impact Loading01:19

Impact Loading

668
Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
In cases of elastic deformation,...
668
Coriolis Force01:23

Coriolis Force

6.1K
An accelerating particle experiences a force equal to the mass multiplied by the acceleration in an inertial frame of reference. Consider a particle in a non-inertial frame of reference, such as a sliding ball on a rotating table. The acceleration of the ball in this rotating reference frame is different than in the intertial frame, which modifies its equation of motion. The fictitious forces acting additionally on a rotating frame of reference alter Newton's Second Law expression.
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Baseball has an elbow injury problem: biomechanics may have the solution.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Importance of Jumping Ability in Handball Throwing Speed and Accuracy
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Importance of Jumping Ability in Handball Throwing Speed and Accuracy

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Increases in Ball Weight and Size Decrease Elbow Varus Torque During Baseball Pitching.

Glenn S Fleisig1, Jonathan S Slowik1, J Bradford Hall1

  • 1American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Baseball pitchers may reduce elbow varus torque, a risk factor for ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries, by using heavier or larger baseballs. This study suggests a potential method to decrease injury rates in baseball.

Keywords:
Tommy John surgerykinematicskineticsulnar collateral ligamentvelocity

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics of baseball pitching
  • Sports injury prevention

Background:

  • Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries and surgeries are increasing in baseball.
  • Higher ball velocity and elbow varus torque are associated with increased injury risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if altering baseball weight and size affects elbow varus torque during pitching.
  • To determine the impact of modified baseballs on pitching biomechanics and ballistics.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled laboratory study involving 20 professional/collegiate baseball pitchers.
  • Pitching fastballs with standard (5 oz, 9-inch circumference) and modified (6 oz, 5% larger circumference) baseballs.
  • Analysis of kinetic, kinematic, and ball movement parameters using motion capture.

Main Results:

  • Increased ball weight and circumference significantly decreased elbow varus torque.
  • Heavier/larger baseballs also reduced ball velocity, shoulder/elbow velocities, and shoulder kinetics.
  • Ball break and home plate location were affected by ball modifications; no significant kinematic differences were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Increasing baseball weight (5 to 6 oz) and/or circumference (by 5%) may reduce pitching-related elbow varus torque.
  • These modifications could potentially lower the incidence of UCL injuries in baseball.
  • Further research in simulated or league play is recommended.