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Related Concept Videos

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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Influence of Emotional Factors on the Efficacy of Acupuncture Treatment for Overweight Complicated with Hyperlipidemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
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Hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

Xin Ge1, Weixin Tang2, Jingmin Ni2

  • 1Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Chongming District Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, No. 2099 Honghai Highway, Chongming District, Shanghai, 202153, China.

Open Medicine (Warsaw, Poland)
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study found no causal link between hemorrhoids and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Shared risk factors like obesity may explain observed associations, suggesting focused prevention strategies for CVD.

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationcardiovascular diseasecausal associationgenetic analysishemorrhoids

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Gastroenterology
  • Genetic Epidemiology

Background:

  • Emerging research suggests a link between hemorrhoids and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • However, the precise causal relationship between hemorrhoids and CVD remains unclear.
  • This study investigated potential causal associations between hemorrhoids and major cardiovascular conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if hemorrhoids causally influence the risk of developing CVD.
  • To assess if CVD causally influences the risk of developing hemorrhoids.
  • To explore potential shared genetic or environmental factors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.
  • Employed summary statistics from large genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
  • Conducted sensitivity analyses using multiple MR methods and outlier exclusion.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant causal effect of hemorrhoids on arrhythmia, heart failure, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, or coronary artery disease was found.
  • The reverse analysis, examining the impact of CVD on hemorrhoids, also yielded no significant causal associations.
  • Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings, indicating no significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy.

Conclusions:

  • This study found no evidence of a causal relationship between hemorrhoids and cardiovascular diseases.
  • The observed associations may be attributed to shared underlying risk factors, such as obesity and diet.
  • Future CVD prevention efforts should prioritize managing these common risk factors.