Chronic HIV Infection Associated With Motor Neuron Disease and Parkinsonism: A Case Report and Narrative Review

Motor neuron disease and parkinsonism syndromes associated with chronic HIV infection are extremely rare, with only a few cases reported in major medical databases. We report a case from Brazil involving a patient with a chronic, well-controlled HIV infection for approximately 15 years, demonstrating a good response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Despite the absence of viral replication, the patient developed atypical clinical and topographical features consistent with both pyramidal and extrapyramidal syndromes. This raises the question of whether such findings could be linked to chronic HIV infection, occurring simultaneously even in the absence of active viral replication, particularly given that other potential diagnoses were excluded.