Pancreatic Islet Cell Hormones: Secretion, Function, and Diabetes Therapy

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology and Metabolism
• Cell Biology
• Diabetes Research

Background:

• Pancreatic islets regulate glucose homeostasis via hormone secretion.
• While β-cell roles in diabetes are known, other islet hormones' functions are under investigation.
• A comprehensive review on islet hormone regulation and diabetes mechanisms is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review pancreatic islet hormone secretion and regulation.
• To emphasize the functional crosstalk of islet hormones in diabetes.
• To outline precision strategies for restoring metabolic equilibrium.

Main Methods:

• Literature synthesis of current knowledge on islet hormone secretion (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, ghrelin, pancreatic polypeptides).
• Emphasis on functional crosstalk in diabetes.
• Review of emerging advances and future research directions.

Main Results:

• Detailed mechanisms of secretion for key pancreatic islet hormones.
• Elucidation of functional crosstalk among hormones in diabetes.
• Identification of emerging therapeutic strategies and future research avenues.

Conclusions:

• Integrating mechanistic insights, physiological roles, and translational innovations is crucial.
• Precision strategies targeting islet hormone networks offer a roadmap for diabetes treatment.
• Future research should focus on AI, gut microbiome-islet axis, and artificial islets.