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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia
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Right hemisphere language network plasticity in aphasia.

Peter E Turkeltaub1,2, Kelly C Martin1,3, Alycia B Laks1,2

  • 1Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Center for Aphasia Research and Rehabilitation, Departments of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057,USA.

Brain : a Journal of Neurology
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The right hemisphere plays a role in aphasia recovery after stroke, with specific regions showing increased activation. This study clarifies mechanisms of right hemisphere language network plasticity in stroke survivors.

Keywords:
brain plasticityneuroplasticityneurorehabilitationremappingstroke recovery

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurolinguistics

Background:

  • The role of the right hemisphere in aphasia recovery remains controversial, with prior studies yielding inconsistent results.
  • Existing theories propose right hemisphere recruitment based on lesion severity, transcallosal disinhibition, and time post-stroke, but these lack definitive evidence.
  • Debate exists on whether right hemisphere engagement reflects upregulation of existing processors or recruitment of new ones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms and constraints of right hemisphere language network plasticity following left hemisphere stroke.
  • To clarify the role of homotopic and non-homotopic right hemisphere regions in aphasia recovery.
  • To examine factors influencing right hemisphere activation, including lesion characteristics, time since stroke, and demographic variables.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a semantic decision task in 76 chronic left hemisphere stroke survivors with aphasia and 69 healthy older adults.
  • Employed a task designed to elicit reliable left-lateralized language activation and adapt to participant ability levels.
  • Analyzed group-level activation differences and correlated right hemisphere activation with lesion data, time since stroke, and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Stroke survivors showed greater right hemisphere activation than controls, particularly in ventral inferior frontal and mid-anterior temporal regions, which were weakly engaged in controls.
  • Right hemisphere activation was associated with younger age, left-handedness, and higher education, but not lesion size.
  • Increased right hemisphere activation correlated positively with longer time since stroke, and activation in specific regions predicted naming and word reading outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Right hemisphere language homotopes are recruited in some chronic stroke survivors, supporting both upregulation of existing processors and potential recruitment of new areas like the dorsal inferior frontal gyrus.
  • Findings clarify the mechanisms and limitations of right hemisphere language plasticity after stroke.
  • The study provides a more nuanced understanding of how the brain reorganizes language functions post-stroke.