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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
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Vacuum-compatible sub-micrometer liquid flat-jet apparatus for soft x-ray spectroscopy.

Takashige Fujiwara1, Katsumi Midorikawa1

  • 1Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new vacuum-compatible liquid flat-jet apparatus creates stable, sub-micrometer sheets for soft-x-ray spectroscopy. This robust system enables ultrafast liquid-phase and surface-sensitive measurements with user-friendly operation.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Soft-x-ray spectroscopy requires stable liquid targets.
  • Previous methods faced challenges with vacuum compatibility and jet stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel vacuum-compatible liquid flat-jet apparatus.
  • To enable stable, sub-micrometer liquid sheets for advanced spectroscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized interchangeable PEEKsil microjets colliding to form a leaf-like jet.
  • Incorporated a high-performance liquid chromatography pump with stop-and-go flow control.
  • Employed spectral interferometry to measure jet thickness.

Main Results:

  • Achieved stable, sub-micrometer liquid sheets (0.7-2 μm) at ~0.1 Pa.
  • Demonstrated reproducible jet operation for over 6 hours.
  • Confirmed rapid restart capability without vacuum venting.

Conclusions:

  • The developed apparatus provides a robust platform for ultrafast liquid-phase spectroscopy.
  • The open design facilitates alignment for transmission and reflection modes.
  • Enables new possibilities for surface-sensitive measurements in vacuum environments.