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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

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Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
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Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
4.6K
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers02:30

Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers

21.1K
A racemic mixture, or racemate, is an equimolar mixture of enantiomers of a molecule that can be separated using their unique interaction with chiral molecules or media. Racemic mixtures are denoted by the (±)- prefix. This ‘optical rotation descriptor’ applies to the whole solution of a racemic mixture rather than a specific stereoisomer. Enantiomers typically have the same physical and chemical properties. Hence, they are not easily separable. However, enantiomers can exhibit...
21.1K
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

5.0K
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil
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Insight into the Undesired Racemization of l-Glufosinate during Heating in the Aqueous Phase.

Long Qin1,2, Shenluan Yu2, Linlin Wang2

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100091, China.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The racemization of l-glufosinate (herbicide) is accelerated by higher temperatures and the presence of water. This study clarifies the mechanisms, aiding chiral control in herbicide production.

Keywords:
l-glufosinateracemization, hydrogen atoms transfer, DFTtransition states

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • l-Glufosinate is a widely used herbicide.
  • The aqueous phase racemization mechanism of l-glufosinate is not well understood.
  • Understanding this process is crucial for optimizing herbicide production and application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the racemization mechanisms of l-glufosinate in aqueous solution.
  • To investigate the influence of temperature and water on the racemization process.
  • To provide insights for the chiral control of l-glufosinate in industrial settings.

Main Methods:

  • Heating reactions at various temperatures.
  • First-order kinetic analysis.
  • Deuterium experiments to probe water's role.
  • Theoretical calculations (computational chemistry).

Main Results:

  • Racemization rate increases significantly with temperature, following first-order kinetics.
  • Water molecules play a crucial role in promoting racemization.
  • Computational studies revealed a dual-step transformation with a reduced energy barrier (29.25 kcal/mol) due to water participation.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature and water are key factors influencing l-glufosinate racemization.
  • The study provides a mechanistic understanding of l-glufosinate racemization.
  • Findings can guide industrial chiral control strategies for l-glufosinate production.