From cues to categorizations: An integrative framework for leader (re-)categorization over time

Who is perceived as a leader? Traditional theories of leader categorization have primarily emphasized observable behaviors as the key basis for making this judgment. However, a growing body of research shows that perceivers rely on a broader set of cues-beyond behavior alone-that differentially shape leadership attributions. To integrate these perspectives, we present a comprehensive review of how multiple-and sometimes competing-cues are perceived, interpreted, and activated as traits in the leader categorization process. To explain when and why certain cues are attended to while others are overlooked, we draw on a previously overlooked body of research on cue properties, illustrating how characteristics such as cue availability, discriminability, salience, and accessibility influence leadership perceptions. We further demonstrate how cue properties can shift over time by distinguishing cues in terms of their dynamism, with important implications for leader re-categorization. We conclude by offering directions for future research, practical recommendations for individuals seeking to be perceived as leaders, and suggestions for improving leader selection. Our review suggests that recognizing differences among cues and unpacking the process of cue integration is critical for the advancement of leader categorization research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).