Aggressive Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) of Right Temporal Bone

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a relatively rare disease. This article explores the clinicopathological features, differential diagnosis, and biological characteristics of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the clinical data, clinical characteristics, histological observations, immunohistochemical studies, pathological features, treatment, and prognosis of one case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis occurring in the temporal bone, to enhance clinical understanding of this disease. The patient is a 14-year-old boy, initially presenting with a mass in the right temporal region. Upon admission, a complete examination was performed. Both preoperative CT and MRI indicated damage to the right temporal bone. Following complete resection of the lesion during surgery, histological examination revealed extensive infiltration of Langerhans cells accompanied by eosinophilia. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive CD1a and S-100, confirming the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. No signs of recurrence were observed during the 24-month postoperative follow-up, and the prognosis was favorable. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease affecting the reticuloendothelial system, mainly characterized by abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells. Although the histological morphology appears benign, the biological behavior is highly invasive and destructive, often involving multiple organ systems such as bones (e.g., temporal bone), lungs, skin, and lymph nodes. The condition has a high incidence in childhood and requires early diagnosis and intervention.