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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

Molecular Extrusion Drives Polymer Dynamic Soft Encapsulation to Inhibit Lead Leakage for Efficient Inverted

Huan Yang¹, Zheng Lu¹, Tian Hou^2,3

¹School of Physical Science and Technology, College of Energy, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|September 9, 2025

Summary

A new polymer dynamic soft encapsulation strategy effectively suppresses lead leakage in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This method enhances device efficiency and reduces environmental toxicity, paving the way for greener perovskite photovoltaics.

Keywords:

lead leakage molecular extrusion perovskite solar cells perovskite solar module polyester

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Photovoltaics
Environmental Science

Background:

Polymer additives can reduce lead leaching in perovskite solar cells (PSCs).
However, polymer aggregation in perovskite films impairs encapsulation, charge transport, and lead leakage inhibition.
This limits the performance and environmental safety of PSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a polymer dynamic soft encapsulation strategy using poly(propylene adipate) (PPA) to mitigate lead leakage in PSCs.
To enhance the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells and modules.
To reduce the environmental impact of perovskite solar technology.

Main Methods:

Incorporation of poly(propylene adipate) (PPA) as a multifunctional additive in the perovskite formulation.
Development of a polymer dynamic soft encapsulation strategy driven by molecular extrusion.
Testing of PPA-modified inverted perovskite solar cells and modules for efficiency and lead leakage suppression.

Main Results:

PPA-modified PSCs achieved a power conversion efficiency of 26.37% (cell) and 20.06% (module).
Lead leakage was suppressed by 95.0% (cell) and 91.4% (module).
Environmental biotoxicity was reduced by 93.1% compared to control devices.

Conclusions:

The polymer dynamic soft encapsulation strategy effectively suppresses lead leakage in PSCs.
PPA acts as a multifunctional additive, anchoring Pb2+ and blocking moisture.
This approach offers a scalable solution for environmentally friendly and high-performance perovskite photovoltaic technology.