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Related Concept Videos

Three-Dimensional Force System01:30

Three-Dimensional Force System

In mechanical engineering, a three-dimensional force system is a system of forces acting in three dimensions, with forces applied along the x, y, and z coordinate axes. The three-dimensional force system is an important concept in mechanical engineering, as it allows engineers to understand and analyze the behavior of objects and structures in three dimensions. By understanding the forces acting on a system, engineers can design more efficient and effective mechanical systems that can withstand...
Three-Dimensional Force System:Problem Solving01:30

Three-Dimensional Force System:Problem Solving

A three-dimensional force system refers to a scenario in which three forces act simultaneously in three different directions. This type of problem is commonly encountered in physics and engineering, where it is necessary to calculate the resultant force on the system, which can then be used to predict or analyze the behavior of the object or structure under consideration.
To solve a three-dimensional force system, first resolve each force into its respective scalar components. Do this using...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Microfabricated Platforms for Mechanically Dynamic Cell Culture
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All-3D-Printed Multi-Environment Modular Microrobots Powered by Large-Displacement Dielectric Elastomer

Won Jun Song1, Yong-Woo Kang1, Yun Hyeok Lee1

  • 1Departmant of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces 3D-printed modular microrobots that can adapt to diverse environments and tasks. These versatile microrobots navigate various terrains and perform complex operations, overcoming limitations of current designs.

Keywords:
dielectric elastomer actuatorsmicrorobotsmodular designmultimaterial 3D printing

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics and Micro-manufacturing

Background:

  • Microrobots offer potential for navigating confined spaces but typically require task-specific designs.
  • Adapting existing microrobots to new environments or functions is challenging and costly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop fully 3D-printed modular microrobots for versatile task performance across diverse environments.
  • To overcome limitations in microrobot adaptability and modularity.

Main Methods:

  • Development of large-displacement dielectric elastomer microactuators with a hybrid soft-stiff structure for multi-environment locomotion.
  • Fabrication of ten task-specific modules using digital light processing (DLP) multimaterial 3D printing.
  • Integration of modular components to create adaptable mesoscale robotic systems.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated microrobot navigation over terrestrial (smooth, rough, granular) and aquatic terrains.
  • Microrobots successfully performed tasks including controlling other robots, human-robot collision avoidance, and collaborative object manipulation.
  • The modular design enabled adaptation to different environments and task requirements.

Conclusions:

  • Fully 3D-printed modular microrobots represent a significant advancement in robotic adaptability.
  • The developed platform provides a broadly applicable solution for mesoscale robotic fabrication and deployment.
  • This work enables microrobots to perform a wide range of tasks in complex, real-world scenarios.