Misalignment between the Directions of Propagation and Decay of Nanoscale-Confined Polaritons

Anisotropic van der Waals crystals have gained significant attention in nano-optics and optoelectronics due to their unconventional optical properties, including anomalous reflection, canalization, and nanofocusing. Polaritons─light coupled to matter excitations─govern these effects, with their complex wavevector encoding key parameters such as wavelength, lifetime, field confinement, and propagation direction. However, determining the complex wavevector, particularly the misalignment between its real and imaginary parts, has remained a challenge due to the complexity of the dispersion relation. Here, using near-field nanoimaging, we introduce a self-consistent method to extract the complex wavevector from polaritonic near-field images. We experimentally reveal a strong misalignment between the real and imaginary components of the wavevector, significantly impacting the interpretation of near-field experiments. Our findings establish a new paradigm for optical nanoimaging, providing a robust framework for accurately extracting polariton parameters and advancing the broader field of nanooptics of lossy anisotropic crystals.