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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

1.0K
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
1.0K
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

918
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

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Current and Developing Approaches for Facilitating Emergence from General Anesthesia.

Kathleen F Vincent1, Dinesh Pal2, Zheng Xie3

  • 1Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Anesthesiology
|September 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emergence from general anesthesia is being improved by new therapies that target anesthetic elimination, receptor sites, or neural pathways. These advancements promise faster, more controlled patient recovery and better outcomes.

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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Emergence from general anesthesia relies on anesthetic elimination, which can cause delays.
  • Prolonged emergence increases healthcare costs and strains resources.
  • Improved control over emergence can enhance patient outcomes and access to care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in emergence-promoting therapies.
  • To categorize strategies for facilitating anesthetic emergence.
  • To evaluate preclinical and clinical research on new emergence agents.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of preclinical research and clinical trials.
  • Categorization of emergence strategies into three primary approaches.
  • Analysis of pharmacokinetic manipulation, direct receptor targeting, and neural pathway activation.

Main Results:

  • New agents for facilitating emergence are entering the market.
  • Three main categories of emergence strategies are being developed.
  • Each approach has distinct strengths and limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Development of emergence-promoting therapies is advancing rapidly.
  • A tailored approach to facilitating emergence is becoming feasible.
  • These therapies hold promise for improving patient recovery and healthcare efficiency.