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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated With Baseline PROMIS Categorization in Shoulder and Elbow Patients.

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Surgical Timing After Acromioclavicular Joint Separation: Association With Clinical Outcomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

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Acromioclavicular Separations: Complications and How to Avoid Them.

Emmanuel Nnamdi Osadebey1,2, Stephan G Pill1,2, Geoff D Abrams1,2

  • 1From the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (Osadebey), University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, South Carolina, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Reconstruction at Prisma Health (Pill), Department of Orthopedic Surgery at Stanford University, Redwood City, California, School of Medicine (Abrams) and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Gregory).

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
|September 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Managing acromioclavicular separations is debated, with varied surgical techniques and evolving complications. This review examines complications from surgical and nonsurgical treatments for acromioclavicular joint injuries, offering strategies to minimize risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Musculoskeletal Disorders

Background:

  • Acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations are common shoulder injuries.
  • Current management strategies for AC joint separations lack a definitive consensus.
  • Surgical techniques for AC joint injuries have advanced, impacting complication rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review complications associated with various surgical techniques for AC joint separations.
  • To highlight complications arising from non-operative management of AC joint injuries.
  • To provide evidence-based strategies for minimizing complications in AC joint management.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on AC joint separation management.
  • Analysis of complication profiles linked to different surgical interventions.
  • Inclusion of data on non-surgical treatment outcomes and adverse events.

Main Results:

  • Complication rates vary significantly based on the surgical technique employed for AC joint separations.
  • Nonsurgical management also presents a spectrum of potential complications.
  • Specific surgical approaches are associated with distinct patterns of adverse outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal surgical technique for AC joint separations is not universally agreed upon.
  • Understanding and anticipating technique-specific complications is crucial for patient counseling.
  • Implementing evidence-based strategies can improve outcomes and reduce morbidity in AC joint injury management.