Natural Products for Regulation of Autoimmune Diseases: Chemical Diversity, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic...

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs), defined by irregularities in immune system function, pose a substantial health challenge worldwide, impacting millions with persistent and frequently debilitating conditions. Conventional treatments, such as glucocorticoid-based immunosuppressive therapies, are associated with notable drawbacks and limitations. In response to these difficulties, recent scientific efforts have increasingly focused on natural compounds as potential therapeutic agents. This review explores the role of naturally derived small molecules, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, and glycosides, in addressing four common AIDs: multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis (PSO). These compounds derived from plants exhibit diverse pharmacological effects that target multiple pathways, providing a strong foundation for their therapeutic applications. Although traditional therapies continue to play a crucial role, the integration of natural small molecules highlights the necessity of further research at cellular- and animal-level studies with multi-target approach to better understand their mechanisms of action for certain diseases in regulated pathways and optimize their practical application in clinical settings.