Effects of inoculation timing with lignocellulose-degrading compound microbial inoculum on green waste composting

The timing of microbial inoculation is a decisive factor influencing both the efficiency and quality of green waste (GW) composting. This study evaluated the effects of applying a self-developed lignocellulose-degrading compound microbial inoculum at different composting phases (mesophilic, thermophilic, and cooling) compared to a commercial Effective Microorganisms agent. Thermophilic-phase inoculation (T2) was most effective by enhancing the complementary metabolic functions between strains, thus establishing an efficient lignocellulose degradation system. Compared to the uninoculated control, T2 reduced bulk density by 27%, and increased peak temperature and maximum water-holding capacity by 17% and 14%, respectively. Lignocellulose degradation was markedly accelerated, with cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin breakdown increased by 193%, 125%, and 69%, while laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and carboxymethyl cellulase activities rose by 1034%, 245%, 268%, and 268%, respectively. These results emphasize the critical role of inoculation timing in accelerating composting and improving compost quality, providing practical strategies for GW management.