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The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project
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Virtual Reality Distraction vs Nitrous Oxide for Reducing Anxiety and Injection Pain.

Kinnison Edmunds, Melissa Drum, Sara Fowler

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Nitrous oxide (N2O) effectively reduced physiological anxiety and cortisol levels during dental injections compared to virtual reality (VR). However, both methods showed similar results in perceived pain reduction.

    Keywords:
    AnxietyMaxillary infiltrationNitrous oxidePainVirtual reality

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    Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance
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    Area of Science:

    • Dental Anesthesiology
    • Pain Management
    • Psychophysiology

    Background:

    • Dental anxiety and pain are significant barriers to treatment.
    • Exploring effective methods for pain and anxiety control during dental procedures is crucial.
    • Nitrous oxide (N2O) and virtual reality (VR) are emerging as potential non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the efficacy of nitrous oxide (N2O) versus virtual reality (VR) in mitigating pain and anxiety during dental injections.
    • To assess acute stress responses by comparing salivary cortisol levels between N2O and VR groups.
    • To evaluate differences in injection pain scores between the two intervention methods.

    Main Methods:

    • 132 female subjects underwent maxillary lateral incisor infiltration injections.
    • Each subject received both N2O and VR interventions in separate appointments (at least 2 weeks apart).
    • Salivary cortisol levels were measured six times per appointment, and injection pain scores were recorded.

    Main Results:

    • Nitrous oxide (N2O) significantly reduced salivary cortisol concentrations and physiological anxiety compared to virtual reality (VR) (P = .0089).
    • No significant differences were observed in perceived pain scores for needle insertion or solution deposition between N2O and VR.
    • N2O demonstrated a greater effect on physiological analgesia and anxiolysis.

    Conclusions:

    • While virtual reality (VR) and nitrous oxide (N2O) may offer comparable perceived pain reduction during dental injections, N2O proved more effective.
    • Nitrous oxide (N2O) provides superior physiological analgesia and anxiolysis compared to virtual reality (VR).
    • These findings highlight N2O's advantage in managing the physiological stress response during dental procedures.