Improving research reproducibility in surgery: A narrative review on caveats in research methodology

Scientific integrity relies on reproducibility. Reproducible scientific results are essential for advancing clinical practice and improving patient outcomes. However, despite the importance, reproducibility issues are widespread, often arising from inadequate methodologies and a lack of expertise in research design. Methodological shortcomings can lead to unreliable and biased findings, wasted resources, and thus compromised clinical decisions. Recent studies indicate that researchers frequently struggle to replicate findings, emphasizing the need for improvements in quality and transparency.This review aimed to enhance the understanding of common pitfalls in research methodologies by identifying and describing the common limitations. Ultimately, this review aims to strengthen the quality of surgical research and improve patient care through more reliable and clinically applicable research findings.