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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

Extraction: Effects of pH

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Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

64.5K
The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

30.7K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
30.7K
Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

1.4K
When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...
1.4K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

48.2K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
48.2K
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

2.5K
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
2.5K

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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
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Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

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Core-Level Photoelectron Angular Distributions from Bulk-Solvated to Surface-Active Aqueous Potassium Carboxylate

Tamires M Gallo1, Kalil Cristhian Figueiredo Toledo2, Georgia Michailoudi3

  • 1Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.

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Photoelectron angular distributions reveal how ions

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Understanding solute behavior at liquid interfaces is crucial for various scientific fields.
  • Aqueous solutions and their surface properties are fundamental to many chemical and biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of ion solvation and surface activity on photoelectron angular distributions.
  • To determine the location and depth of carboxylate functional groups in aqueous solutions.
  • To demonstrate the utility of photoelectron spectroscopy for probing liquid-vapor interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Photoelectron angular distribution measurements.
  • Liquid microjet technique for sample delivery.
  • Analysis of electron emission patterns.

Main Results:

  • Photoelectron angular distributions are quantitatively correlated with the surface activity of potassium carboxylate species.
  • The study provides insights into the interfacial positioning of the carboxylate group.
  • Demonstrated sensitivity of the technique to solute electronic and surface properties.

Conclusions:

  • Photoelectron angular distributions are powerful probes of solute behavior at the liquid-vapor interface.
  • The liquid microjet technique combined with photoelectron spectroscopy offers a promising method for interfacial analysis.
  • Findings have implications for atmospheric chemistry, biophysics, and materials science.