Childhood leukemia trend analysis from 1990 to 2021 and projections from 2021 to 2040: a global burden perspective

Childhood leukaemia remains a major global health challenge and its impact varies significantly by region. Understanding the patterns of incidence, mortality, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) is crucial for crafting effective public health initiatives and enhancing care outcomes, especially in regions with constrained resources.

This study evaluates the worldwide, regional, and country-specific effects of childhood leukemia between 1990 and 2021, leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) initiative. It delves into trends related to illness, death rates, prevalence, and DALYs across various income brackets and geographic areas, offering a comprehensive analysis of the disease's impact over three decades.

Childhood leukemia rates have declined globally over the last 30 years, especially in high-income countries due to medical advancements. However, low- and middle-income nations face persistent challenges, as limited healthcare infrastructure, delayed diagnosis, and treatment accessibility contribute to a disproportionate burden. Across all regions, male children consistently bear a higher burden compared to females. Forecasts indicate the worldwide burden will decrease with enhanced treatment, yet disparities between affluent and poorer regions will persist.

While global trends indicate a reduction in the childhood leukemia burden, regional disparities remain. To further reduce the global burden, we must strengthen health systems, improve early detection and ensure access to treatment. To promote more equitable outcomes across regions, public health policies must focus on these areas.