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Optimal Closed-Loop Control of Active Particles and a Minimal Information Engine.

Rosalba Garcia-Millan1,2,3, Janik Schüttler2, Michael E Cates2

  • 1King's College London, Department of Mathematics, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|September 10, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that optimal protocols for moving active particles are unaffected by activity itself, though work fluctuations increase. A novel active information engine demonstrates superior precision and efficiency with run-and-tumble particles.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical mechanics
  • Active matter physics
  • Thermodynamics of information

Background:

  • Active particles consume energy to generate motion, deviating from equilibrium thermodynamics.
  • Understanding work input and fluctuations is crucial for designing micro-machines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine optimal protocols for minimum work input when moving active particles.
  • To analyze the impact of particle activity on work and fluctuations.
  • To design and evaluate an active information engine.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical derivation of optimal protocols for open-loop and closed-loop systems.
  • Investigation of work input and fluctuations for different particle types.
  • Derivation and analysis of a periodic active information engine.

Main Results:

  • Open-loop optimal protocols are independent of particle activity, but increase work fluctuations.
  • Closed-loop protocols show minimum average work for finite persistence times.
  • The run-and-tumble particle yields higher precision and information efficiency in the active information engine.

Conclusions:

  • Activity influences work fluctuations but not the fundamental open-loop optimal path.
  • Closed-loop control offers advantages by utilizing initial measurements.
  • The run-and-tumble model provides a highly efficient active information engine.