Exploring the structural diversity and spatiotemporal dynamics of mogrosides in Siraitia grosvenorii

Mogrosides are the main non-caloric sweeteners in Siraitia grosvenorii, with sweetness determined by specific chemical structures. However, the diversity of triterpenoid skeletons and glucosylation patterns suggests that the variety of mogrosides remains insufficiently characterized. Here, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) coupled with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) was used to systematically profile mogrosides. A total of 88 distinct compounds were identified based on accurate molecular mass, MS/MS spectra, and retention time, and were classified into nine types of tetracyclic triterpene skeletons. Mogroside composition and abundance varied across developmental stages, cultivars, and environments. Fewer glucosyl units occurred during early development (15-30 days after pollination), while glucosylation increased in later stages (50-75 days after pollination). Greenhouse conditions accelerated growth, and the Xinning cultivar produced more mogroside V than Longji at maturity. This investigation facilitates novel mogroside discovery and reveals dynamic accumulation patterns, offering practical insights for cultivating high-sweetness S. grosvenorii fruits.