Revisiting brown adipose tissue whitening: Physiological mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences

This review aims to explore the various factors that contribute to the whitening of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and to summarize the key regulatory mechanisms involved. The goal is to uncover novel therapeutic strategies for obesity that delay or inhibit BAT whitening. The development of obesity is often linked to changes in adipose tissue (AT) and metabolic disorders, with BAT whitening emerging as a chronic obesity-related complication. Current research shows that BAT whitening is strongly influenced by various factors such as age, diet and thermoneutrality through distinct mechanisms. The key regulatory factors have been investigated, with a particular focus on their involvement in mitochondrial dysfunction, vascular damage and inflammation within BAT. Certain BAT-promoting or -activating interventions such as cold exposure, β-adrenergic receptor stimulation and targeted exercise regimens have been proposed for obesity management; however, the exact pathogenic mechanisms involved in preventing BAT whitening and its impact on metabolic health remain unclear. Further research and recommendations in this domain are required to enhance obesity treatment strategies.