Benzophenones: How ultraviolet filters can interfere with reproduction

Benzophenones (BPs) are widely used as ultraviolet (UV) filters in personal care products, plastics, and food packaging. Although they serve as effective photoprotective agents, growing evidence suggests that BPs can act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), interfering with hormone regulation and reproductive functions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on BP exposure, metabolism, and their potential effects on reproductive health. We discuss the mechanisms by which BPs interact with hormonal receptors, alter steroid metabolism, and influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Special attention is given to BP-2 and BP-3, which have been detected in human biological samples, including urine, blood, and fetal tissues. Additionally, we highlight recent findings from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating their estrogenic activity and potential impact on reproduction. The review also addresses regulatory concerns, emphasizing the need for stricter policies to limit human and environmental exposure to BPs. Understanding the effects of these chemicals is essential for assessing their safety and developing alternatives to mitigate potential health risks.