Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.6K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.6K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

4.1K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
4.1K
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

13.2K
As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
13.2K
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

13.4K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
13.4K
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

4.5K
4.5K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

38.4K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
38.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Revue medicale suisse·2026
Same author

Large-scale tethered screen of RNA-binding proteins reveals novel regulators of poly(A) site selection.

Molecular cell·2026
Same author

The UPR drives gametogenesis via an unexpected response, coordinating translation and ER structure.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Enhancer RNAs: similarities with both lncRNAs and mRNAs reveal novel functions.

RNA biology·2026
Same author

Prefoldin function links meiotic chromosome segregation with cellular remodeling and reveals tubulin sensitivity of the meiotic spindle.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Reciprocal Relationship Between Cardiovascular Risk and Attainment of Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Targets in Users of a Mobile Health App.

High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum: Inhibition of Myc family proteins eradicates KRas-driven lung cancer in mice.

Genes & development·2026
Same journal

A new perspective on ATR's role in translesion synthesis.

Genes & development·2026
Same journal

Mechanisms coordinating exit from the stem cell state in mammals.

Genes & development·2026
Same journal

Evolutionarily conserved spliceosome-exosome pathway in nuclear mRNA surveillance.

Genes & development·2026
Same journal

CDK1 and CEP97 cooperatively control centriole length to orchestrate ciliogenesis and developmental patterning.

Genes & development·2026
Same journal

Coupling of translesion synthesis with the replisome stabilized at stalled replication forks by ATR.

Genes & development·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.1K

Multiple human enhancer RNAs contain long translated open reading frames.

Pavel A Vlasov1, Koichi Ogami2, Elizabeth Valenzuela1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.

Genes & Development
|September 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A small fraction of human enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) can be translated into proteins, challenging their noncoding designation. These enhancer RNA-derived open reading frames (eORFs) produce stable, nuclear-localized proteins with potential roles in cellular processes.

Keywords:
RNAenhancerstranslation

More Related Videos

A Computational Pipeline for Intergenic/Intragenic Enhancer RNA Quantification in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
06:02

A Computational Pipeline for Intergenic/Intragenic Enhancer RNA Quantification in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: October 28, 2025

442
Optimized Quantitative Assessment of Enhancer RNA Stability in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
03:34

Optimized Quantitative Assessment of Enhancer RNA Stability in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: November 21, 2025

244

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 18, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.1K
A Computational Pipeline for Intergenic/Intragenic Enhancer RNA Quantification in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
06:02

A Computational Pipeline for Intergenic/Intragenic Enhancer RNA Quantification in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: October 28, 2025

442
Optimized Quantitative Assessment of Enhancer RNA Stability in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
03:34

Optimized Quantitative Assessment of Enhancer RNA Stability in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: November 21, 2025

244

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are typically short-lived nuclear transcripts associated with enhancer activity.
  • Under certain conditions, eRNAs can be stabilized and found in the cytoplasm, suggesting potential non-canonical functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the translational potential of human intergenic eRNAs.
  • To characterize the proteins encoded by eRNAs and their cellular functions.

Main Methods:

  • Ribosome profiling to detect active translation of eRNAs.
  • Mass spectrometry (MS) to identify and quantify encoded proteins (eORFs).
  • Exogenous expression and subcellular localization studies of eORF proteins.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 12% of human intergenic eRNAs contain long open reading frames (>300 nt) capable of translation.
  • Translated eRNAs produce stable, highly basic proteins (eORFs) up to ~45 kDa, rich in arginine.
  • These eORF proteins accumulate in cells, localize to the nucleus, associate with chromatin, and show conservation in primates.

Conclusions:

  • A subset of human eRNAs can function as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), encoding functional proteins.
  • This discovery reveals a novel role for eRNAs in cellular protein production and nuclear processes.
  • Some eORFs may represent newly evolved genes, particularly in the human lineage.