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MiNEN, amphicrine carcinomas, and conventional carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation: diagnostic criteria, open questions, and future perspectives

  • 0Institute of Pathology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany. moritz.jesinghaus@uni-marburg.de.
Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology +

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September 10, 2025

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September 10, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mixed neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNEN) are aggressive tumors with distinct components. This review clarifies MiNEN diagnostic criteria and explores related entities like amphicrine carcinomas.

Area Of Science

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Cancer Biology

Background

  • Mixed neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNEN) are aggressive epithelial malignancies.
  • MiNEN are defined by distinct, clonally related neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine components, each ≥30% of tumor mass.
  • Amphicrine carcinomas and conventional carcinomas with aberrant neuroendocrine markers present diagnostic challenges.

Purpose Of The Study

  • To outline the current diagnostic framework for MiNEN.
  • To examine classification boundaries of amphicrine carcinomas and conventional carcinomas with aberrant neuroendocrine expression relative to MiNEN.
  • To identify unresolved questions for future diagnostic guidelines and clinical management.

Main Methods

  • Review of current literature and diagnostic guidelines for MiNEN.
  • Comparative analysis of MiNEN, amphicrine carcinomas, and conventional carcinomas with neuroendocrine features.
  • Discussion of emerging technologies for classification and management.

Main Results

  • Current MiNEN definition requires distinct components, each ≥30% of tumor mass.
  • Amphicrine carcinomas and conventional carcinomas with neuroendocrine markers may not meet MiNEN criteria.
  • Diagnostic criteria require refinement for clarity and consistency.

Conclusions

  • Clearer diagnostic criteria are needed for MiNEN and related neoplasms.
  • Further research and guideline updates are essential for accurate classification.
  • Emerging technologies may improve diagnosis and management of these complex tumors.

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