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Related Concept Videos

Buoyancy01:12

Buoyancy

When an object is placed in a fluid, it either floats or sinks. All objects in a fluid experience a buoyant force. For example, a metal ball sinks, while a rubber ball floats. Similarly, a submarine can sink and float by adjusting its buoyancy.  The concept of buoyancy raises several interesting questions. For instance, where does this buoyant force come from? How much buoyant force is required to make an object sink or float? Do objects that sink get any support at all from the fluid? 
To get...
Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies01:11

Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies

In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...
Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
Hydraulic Jump01:29

Hydraulic Jump

A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...
Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving01:16

Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving

To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Quantitative Locomotion Study of Freely Swimming Micro-organisms Using Laser Diffraction
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Quantitative Locomotion Study of Freely Swimming Micro-organisms Using Laser Diffraction

Published on: October 25, 2012

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Microswimmer dynamics in a Hele-Shaw droplet.

Sho Kawakami1, Petia M Vlahovska1

  • 1Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|September 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Microswimmers in confined environments exhibit altered movement. A theoretical model shows a microswimmer

Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Biophysics
  • Microscale transport

Background:

  • Bacterial motility is crucial for survival and colonization.
  • Confinement significantly alters microswimmer behavior and fluid dynamics.
  • Hele-Shaw cells are common models for studying confined fluid systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of confinement on microswimmer dynamics.
  • To model the flow and trajectory of a microswimmer within a deformable droplet.
  • To analyze the resulting droplet translation and interface evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of an asymptotic solution for fluid flow.
  • Modeling a microswimmer as a force dipole.
  • Analysis of droplet interface deformation and velocity.
Keywords:
Stokes flowbacteriamicroswimmer

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Main Results:

  • The microswimmer induces droplet translation at steady state.
  • Droplet velocity is independent of dipole location but dependent on orientation.
  • Droplet deformability significantly influences the microswimmer's trajectory.

Conclusions:

  • Confinement and droplet deformability are key factors in microswimmer dynamics.
  • The derived model provides insights into microswimmer-droplet interactions.
  • This study contributes to understanding biological fluid dynamics in confined systems.