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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome After Implant-based Breast Reconstruction.

Idorenyin E Ndem1, Grace Anne Longfellow2, Christina N Kapsalis1

  • 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Plastic Surgery (Oakville, Ont.)
|September 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Implant-based breast reconstruction may be linked to thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Many patients with TOS-like symptoms had prior breast reconstruction, but diagnosis rates varied, suggesting improved screening is needed.

Keywords:
breast implantsbreast reconstructionmastectomyplastic surgeryreconstruction planethoracic outlet syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Neurosurgery
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) involves compression of neurovascular structures in the thoracic outlet.
  • Symptoms of TOS include paresthesias, weakness, and thrombosis in the upper extremities.
  • Implant-based breast reconstruction is a potential cause of TOS due to anatomical proximity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between implant-based breast reconstruction and the diagnosis of TOS.
  • To evaluate TOS symptoms in patients with a history of breast reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of female patients presenting with TOS-like symptoms (April 2014 - December 2022).
  • Analysis of symptom type, onset timing relative to reconstruction, and confirmed TOS diagnosis.
  • Identification of patients with prior implant-based breast reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Out of 319 patients, 16 (5.0%) had undergone implant-based breast reconstruction.
  • Seven of these 16 patients (43.8%) were diagnosed with TOS and had subpectoral implants.
  • A significant portion of symptomatic patients did not receive a formal TOS diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Breast reconstruction is a probable cause of TOS.
  • Subpectoral implant placement may be associated with TOS.
  • Improved screening methods are needed for patients with TOS-like symptoms post-breast reconstruction.