Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Surface Defects of Remover Retreatment File After Single and Multiple Uses
Published on: October 11, 2024
Cyclic fatigue resistance of a blue heat-treated engine-driven file with different angles of canal access using
Bassem Eid1, Mohammed Kataia2, Tarek Elsewify1,3
1Restorative Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
Objectives:
To evaluate the effect of angle of access and kinematics on the dynamic cyclic fatigue resistance of E3 Azure rotary NiTi files at body temperature.
Methods:
Eighty E3 Azure files, 25/06, were randomly divided into two equal groups according to the kinematics used, rotation, and reciprocation. Each group was further divided into two equal subgroups (n = 20) according to the angle of file access, zero degrees and 30 degrees. The files were placed in custom-made stainless-steel canals and operated using the manufacturer's recommendations for speed, torque, and angle of reciprocation settings till fracture. The time to fracture and the fracture length were measured. Statistical analysis was performed at a significance of 0.05.
Results:
Samples instrumented using reciprocation motion had significantly higher time to fracture than those with continuous rotation (p < 0.001). Samples with zero-degree access angle had significantly higher time to fracture than those with 30° (p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
The motion and the angle of file access significantly influence the cyclic fatigue resistance of E3 Azure files. Reciprocation motion and a smaller angle of access improve the fatigue resistance of E3 Azure files.
Clinical Relevance:
Reciprocation motion and establishment of straight-line access enhance the safety and efficiency of E3 Azure files.
Related Concept Videos
Fatigue
Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

