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Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Cryopreservation of Preimplantation Embryos of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Cryopreservation of Preimplantation Embryos of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Published on: August 5, 2011

Pregnancy loss in cattle with emphasis on embryo transfer programs.

Roberto Sartori¹, Mirela Balistrieri¹, Lucas Oliveira E Silva¹

¹Departmento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.

Animal Reproduction

|September 11, 2025

Summary

Pregnancy loss in cattle impacts herd efficiency. Management strategies can improve pregnancy success and reduce losses in embryo recipients, particularly in in vitro embryo production systems.

Keywords:

embryo transfer embryonic death fertility reproductive failures

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Area of Science:

Animal Science
Reproductive Biology
Veterinary Medicine

Background:

Pregnancy loss (PL) significantly affects cattle herd reproductive efficiency and economic viability.
In vitro embryo production (IVP) systems face challenges with PL, impacting technique success.
Pregnancy establishment is influenced by fertilization, maternal environment, and embryonic signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

To review factors influencing pregnancy loss in cattle, especially within IVP and embryo transfer (ET) contexts.
To identify management strategies that can improve fertility and reduce pregnancy loss in embryo recipients.

Main Methods:

Review of existing data on dairy and beef cattle undergoing IVP and ET.
Analysis of factors including recipient status (cow vs. heifer), semen type, synchronization protocols, and recipient breed.
Evaluation of the impact of estrus expression and embryo quality on pregnancy outcomes.

Main Results:

Dairy cattle ET may show higher initial pregnancy but also greater PL than artificial insemination (AI).
Beef cattle recipient cows had higher pregnancy per ET (P/ET) and lower PL than heifers.
Recipient factors like breed, synchronization, estrus expression, and embryo quality significantly affect P/ET and PL.

Conclusions:

Management strategies are crucial for improving fertility and reducing pregnancy loss in cattle embryo recipients.
Optimizing recipient conditions and embryo selection can enhance the success of IVP and ET programs.
Addressing factors like heat stress and recipient management can mitigate pregnancy loss in cattle.