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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Hormonal contraception in perimenopausal women.

Sara Whitburn1, Kathleen McNamee2, Clare Boerma3

  • 1Sexual Health Victoria, Level 1, 94 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|September 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Contraception is crucial for women over 40, as pregnancy risks increase. This review examines hormonal contraceptive safety and effectiveness during perimenopause, considering health risks and benefits.

Keywords:
ContraceptionHormone therapyPerimenopauseReproduction

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Author Spotlight: Investigating the Relationship Between FSH and Pathophysiological Changes in Perimenopausal Women - Insights from a Mouse Model

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Gynecology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Contraception is often overlooked in perimenopausal care.
  • Pregnancy after 40 carries increased risks for mother and fetus, including higher rates of miscarriage and abortion.
  • Venous and cardiovascular disease risks rise during perimenopause, impacting contraceptive choices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key issues of hormonal contraception during perimenopause.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various contraceptive methods in this age group.
  • To assess suitability based on individual needs, circumstances, and contraindications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research and clinical guidelines on hormonal contraception in perimenopause.
  • Evaluation of contraceptive methods considering increased cardiovascular and venous risks.
  • Assessment of non-contraceptive benefits, such as symptom management and cancer risk reduction.

Main Results:

  • Hormonal contraception effectiveness and safety vary in perimenopausal women.
  • Suitability depends on individual health profiles, contraindications, and personal needs.
  • Certain methods offer significant non-contraceptive benefits, including managing perimenopausal symptoms and reducing cancer risks.

Conclusions:

  • Healthcare providers need updated knowledge to guide perimenopausal women on reproductive health decisions.
  • Informed choices regarding contraception can mitigate risks and leverage benefits for women in perimenopause.
  • Comprehensive assessment considering both contraceptive and non-contraceptive aspects is essential.