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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

5.7K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
322
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

7.5K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

4.0K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
4.0K
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

15.7K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
15.7K

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Size Dependent Uncatalyzed Sulfite Oxidation in Aqueous Microdroplets.

Kedong Gong1, Sandhya Sethuraman2, Adriane Tam1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|September 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The oxidation of sulfite to sulfate in tiny water droplets is faster for smaller sizes due to surface reactions, impacting air quality. This size-dependent chemistry is crucial for atmospheric models.

Keywords:
aqueous aerosolmicrocompartmentsmultiphase chemistrysulfate formationuncatalyzed oxidation

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Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis
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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Aqueous aerosols and microdroplets have distinct chemical kinetics compared to bulk phases.
  • These differences significantly influence air quality and climate through multiphase atmospheric processes.
  • Understanding microdroplet chemistry is vital for accurate atmospheric modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the uncatalyzed oxidation of sulfite to sulfate by oxygen (O2) in aqueous microdroplets.
  • To determine the influence of microdroplet size, gas-phase composition, and temperature on reaction kinetics.
  • To elucidate the role of interfacial reactions versus bulk kinetics in microdroplet chemical transformations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized *in situ* micro-Raman spectroscopy to monitor reactions in deposited microdroplets.
  • Varied microdroplet size, O2 concentration, and temperature during experiments.
  • Employed a resistor-based model to analyze multiphase mass transfer and reaction kinetics.

Main Results:

  • The uncatalyzed sulfite oxidation rate is dependent on microdroplet size, scaling with the surface-area to volume ratio (1/radius).
  • Reaction rates increase significantly in smaller, atmospherically relevant droplet sizes due to enhanced interfacial reaction efficiency.
  • Quantified kinetic parameters: *k*₂ = 9.43 × 10⁻³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, *γ*s,0 = 9.27 × 10⁻¹⁰ at 298 K and 21% O2.

Conclusions:

  • Microdroplet size critically affects sulfite oxidation rates, with smaller sizes exhibiting accelerated kinetics.
  • The observed size-dependence arises from a combination of slow bulk kinetics and efficient interfacial reactions.
  • Findings necessitate improved representations of sulfate formation in atmospheric models, particularly for microscale phenomena.