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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Published on: February 3, 2021

Simultaneous Interfacial Defect Passivation and Free-Volume Reduction by Fluorinated Hole Transport Materials for

Yifan Xing¹, Zhijun Li¹, Yongzhe Li²

¹Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|September 12, 2025

Summary

Modulating fluorine in hole transport materials (HTMs) enhances perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance. Asymmetric fluorine substitution (AdF-BCz) improves interfacial stability and efficiency, achieving 25.35% power conversion.

Keywords:

defects passivation hole‐transport materials interfaces long‐term stability perovskite solar cells

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Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

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Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Interfacial defects and free-volume between perovskite and hole transport layers (HTLs) limit perovskite solar cell (PSC) efficiency and stability.
Optimizing interfaces is crucial for advancing PSC technology.

Purpose of the Study:

To address interfacial issues in PSCs by strategically modulating fluorine distribution in N,N'-bicarbazole (BCz)-based HTMs.
To investigate the impact of asymmetric (AdF-BCz) versus symmetric (SdF-BCz) fluorine substitution on interfacial properties and device performance.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of PSCs using fluorine-free (NF-BCz), symmetrically fluorinated (SdF-BCz), and asymmetrically fluorinated (AdF-BCz) HTMs.
Experimental characterization techniques and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations.
Performance evaluation and stability testing of the fabricated PSCs.

Main Results:

AdF-BCz demonstrated superior interfacial passivation against Pb²⁺ and I^- defects and enhanced adhesion to the perovskite surface compared to NF-BCz and SdF-BCz.
AdF-BCz reduced interfacial free-volume, promoted intimate contact, and suppressed ion migration and perovskite degradation.
PSCs with AdF-BCz achieved a peak efficiency of 25.35%, surpassing SdF-BCz (23.12%) and NF-BCz (24.2%).
Unencapsulated AdF-BCz PSCs retained 97% efficiency after 2000h at 30% RH and 82% after 300h at 85°C.

Conclusions:

Strategic asymmetric fluorination of BCz-based HTMs effectively passivates interfaces and enhances PSC performance and stability.
AdF-BCz is a promising HTM for developing highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
The findings provide valuable insights for designing advanced HTMs for next-generation solar energy technologies.