Prediction of fatal and non-fatal suicide attempts by the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS): systematic...

The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) is a predominant tool for screening and scoring suicidal ideation and behaviour to identify individuals at risk. No meta-analysis has examined its predictive significance.

To evaluate the C-SSRS assessment of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviour as predictors of future fatal and non-fatal suicide attempts.

A systematic search of Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, and Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases was conducted from January 2008 to February 2024. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and the study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022361944). Two independent reviewers screened and extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Pooled odds ratios were calculated using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic. Publication bias was evaluated with Egger's test and funnel plots.

The search identified 1071 unique records, of which 28 studies met inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis included 27 studies with independent samples. Suicidal behaviour (pooled odds ratio 3.14, 95% CI 1.86-5.31) and suicide attempts (pooled odds ratio 2.78, 95% CI 1.82-4.24) were predictors of future non-fatal suicide attempts. Suicidal ideation severity (odds ratio 1.46/point, 95% CI 1.28-1.77) was a stronger predictor of future non-fatal suicide attempts than suicideal ideation intensity (odds ratio 1.11/point, 95% CI 1.04-1.18). Two studies linked higher suicidal ideation severity and a history of suicidal behaviour with an increased risk of fatal suicide attempts, though meta-analysis was not feasible for only two studies.

Suicidal behaviour, suicide attempts and to a lesser extent suicidal ideation, identified using the C-SSRS, predicted future non-fatal suicide attempts. These findings support the use of the C-SSRS to detect individuals at higher-risk requiring enhanced preventive interventions.