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Applying Dynamic Strain on Thin Oxide Films Immobilized on a Pseudoelastic Nickel-Titanium Alloy

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Potential-driven dynamic strain in chemical bonds for urea electrosynthesis.

Xin Zhang¹, Hao Sun¹, Hai-Yan Zheng²

¹State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130024 China ljy121@jlu.edu.cn suzhongmin@jlu.edu.cn.

Chemical Science

|September 12, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a dynamic electrocatalyst system that adjusts copper-oxygen bond lengths to selectively enhance nitrate and carbon dioxide reduction for urea electrosynthesis, achieving high efficiency.

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

Area of Science:

Electrocatalysis
Materials Science
Green Chemistry

Background:

Optimizing urea electrosynthesis requires precise control over parallel nitrate (NO3-) and carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction pathways.
Static electrocatalyst bond lengths in potentiostatic systems limit selective control over competing thermodynamic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a potential-driven dynamic system for electrocatalysts to dynamically regulate bond lengths.
To achieve selective control over nitrate and carbon dioxide reduction pathways for enhanced urea synthesis.

Main Methods:

Constructed a Cu5-PPF electrocatalyst with dynamically tunable Cu-O bond lengths (2.12/2.24 Å to 2.37/2.34 Å).
Utilized *in situ* spectroscopy and theoretical analyses to investigate reaction mechanisms.
Performed controlled experiments with rigid catalysts (Cu3-TPF, Cu3-clusters) for comparison.

Main Results:

The dynamic system achieved a urea Faradaic efficiency (FEurea) of up to 61.6%.
Shorter Cu-O bonds favored the nitrate reduction pathway (*NO intermediates), while longer bonds enhanced CO2 adsorption and the *COOH pathway.
Structurally rigid catalysts did not show improved performance, highlighting the importance of dynamic bond strain.

Conclusions:

Potential-driven dynamic control of electrocatalyst bond lengths is crucial for optimizing parallel reaction pathways.
This approach enables selective manipulation of surface intermediates for efficient urea electrosynthesis.
Dynamic bond strain offers a new strategy for designing high-performance electrocatalysts.