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Can AI chatbots accurately provide information on orthodontic risks?

Zeng Fan, Jie Lei, Wanwei Shi

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    Summary

    Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots show potential for orthodontic risk information. Gemini demonstrated superior performance in validity and reliability tests compared to other AI models, though caution is advised for clinical use.

    Keywords:
    Artificial intelligenceLarge language modelsOrthodontic risksPatient information

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    Area of Science:

    • Dental research
    • Artificial intelligence in healthcare
    • Medical informatics

    Background:

    • Orthodontic treatments carry potential risks that patients frequently inquire about.
    • Accurate and reliable information is crucial for informed patient consent and treatment planning.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate and compare the validity and reliability of leading AI chatbots in answering questions about orthodontic risks.
    • To assess the performance of ChatGPT 4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Gemini 1.5 Pro.

    Main Methods:

    • Twenty frequently asked questions on orthodontic risks were posed to three AI chatbots (ChatGPT 4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Gemini 1.5 Pro).
    • Answers were evaluated for validity using low- and high-threshold tests and for reliability through repeated questioning and Cronbach's alpha analysis.
    • A modified Global Quality Scale (GQS) was employed for scoring chatbot responses.

    Main Results:

    • Gemini 1.5 Pro exhibited the highest performance in the low-threshold validity test.
    • Gemini 1.5 Pro also showed the highest effectiveness in the high-threshold validity test, with no significant differences among chatbots.
    • All tested AI chatbots demonstrated satisfactory reliability, with Gemini 1.5 Pro showing the greatest consistency.

    Conclusions:

    • AI chatbots possess potential for disseminating orthodontic risk information.
    • Further optimization is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of AI chatbots in clinical orthodontic practice.
    • Cautious implementation and ongoing development are recommended for utilizing AI in patient education regarding orthodontic risks.