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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...

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Related Experiment Video

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Human microbiota-associated animal models: a review.

Xiangning Huang1,2, Yunfeng Yu1, Na Tian3

  • 1School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|September 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Standardizing human microbiota-associated (HMA) animal models is crucial for reproducible research. This review outlines key steps for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) protocols, focusing on donor screening, sample processing, and recipient preparation for reliable HMA model establishment.

Keywords:
engraftmentfecal microbiota transplantationgut microbe-host interactionshuman microbiota-associated animal modelsmicrobiomeprocedure

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Human microbiota-associated (HMA) animal models are vital for studying microbe-host interactions and disease.
  • Standardization challenges in fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) protocols hinder reproducibility across research groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review critical components for producing standardized and reproducible HMA models.
  • To identify best practices for donor screening, fecal sample processing, recipient preparation, and FMT.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of HMA model production protocols.
  • Analysis of critical factors influencing HMA model establishment: donor criteria, sample handling, recipient preparation, and FMT techniques.
  • Evaluation of microbial community profiling (16S rRNA sequencing) for engraftment validation.

Main Results:

  • Essential donor exclusion criteria include recent antibiotic, probiotic, or laxative use.
  • Standardized fecal collection and rapid anaerobic processing with protectants for preservation are recommended.
  • Germ-free or antibiotic-treated pseudo-germ-free animals are common recipients; multiple FMTs enhance colonization efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized protocols for HMA model production are essential for reliable research on microbe-host interactions.
  • Implementing these guidelines will improve the consistency and reproducibility of HMA models in preclinical studies.