Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Transformations of Functions III

Transformations of Functions III

Transformations modify the graphical representation of a function without changing its fundamental form. One common transformation is reflection, which flips the graph across a designated axis. When the vertical coordinates of all points are multiplied by the negative one, the entire graph is mirrored over the horizontal axis. This transformation reverses the vertical orientation of peaks and troughs, akin to signal inversion in electrical systems, where a waveform is flipped, but the timing of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Differential COVID-19 Outcomes Across Lysosomal Disorders.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Same author

The Cell Ontology in the age of single-cell omics.

Scientific data·2026

Same author

Population differences in wearable device wear time: Rescuing data to address biases and advance health equity.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Same author

Wavelet-Based Pattern ERG Biomarkers Outperform Temporal Amplitude Measures for Functional Stratification in Optic Nerve Disease.

Translational vision science & technology·2026

Same author

Governing real-world health data as a public utility.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

A custom phenotypic profile for Fanconi anemia: Addressing gaps in existing disease annotations.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Multifocal Electroretinograms

Multifocal Electroretinograms

Published on: December 4, 2011

Multidimensional Quantification of Macular Cone Activity in Pattern Electroretinography Using Discrete Wavelet

Yousif J Shwetar^1,2, Melissa A Haendel^3,4

¹Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Translational Vision Science & Technology

|September 12, 2025

Summary

Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) features offer new quantitative biomarkers for macular cone function in inherited retinal diseases. The sym2-D6-2 index shows promise for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic evaluation in clinical trials.

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

Published on: July 1, 2016

Author Spotlight: Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathophysiology with QAF Workflow

Author Spotlight: Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathophysiology with QAF Workflow

Published on: May 26, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Multifocal Electroretinograms

Multifocal Electroretinograms

Published on: December 4, 2011

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

Published on: July 1, 2016

Author Spotlight: Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathophysiology with QAF Workflow

Author Spotlight: Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathophysiology with QAF Workflow

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Biomedical Engineering
Signal Processing

Background:

Macular-predominant inherited retinal diseases (mpIRDs) impact cone photoreceptors, necessitating reliable biomarkers for monitoring.
Pattern electroretinography (PERG) assesses macular function, but quantitative feature extraction remains an area for advancement.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate discrete wavelet transform (DWT) features as quantitative biomarkers for macular cone function.
To assess the utility of these DWT features in the context of pattern electroretinography (PERG) for macular-predominant inherited retinal diseases (mpIRDs).

Main Methods:

Analyzed 486 PERG recordings from 123 participants using DWT.
Screened 20 mother wavelets, retaining six for feature generation, followed by cleaning and correlation pruning to yield 141 features.
Utilized inverse-DWT signal reconstruction with the sym2 wavelet to identify time-frequency indices preserving key PERG peaks (N35, P50, N95).

Main Results:

The sym2-D6-2 index (38-75 ms, 13-27 Hz) emerged as the top discriminative feature, showing strong correlation with the clinical macular cone marker |P50-N35| (rcorr = 0.95).
This DWT-derived index demonstrated superior group separation with a higher diagnostic area under the curve (0.875 vs. 0.835) and larger effect size (res = 0.644 vs. 0.576) compared to |P50-N35|.
Sym2-D6-2 provided tighter, nonoverlapping group distributions, indicating enhanced diagnostic capability.

Conclusions:

DWT-derived time-frequency features, specifically sym2-D6-2, serve as robust, multidimensional biomarkers of macular cone function.
These quantitative endpoints show significant potential for monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic interventions in mpIRDs.
The sym2-D6-2 index offers an objective metric for macular cone function, suitable as a quantitative endpoint in mpIRD clinical trials.