Organic electrochemical transceiver: An all-in-one sense-and-release device architecture for physiological modulation

Intelligent wearable devices with integrated sensing and drug-releasing functions are essential for delivering real-time and personalized interventions. Current approaches typically rely on interconnected modules, facing challenges such as large footprint, high energy consumption, and fabrication complexity. To address these limitations, we introduce a modified organic electrochemical transistor structure called the organic electrochemical transceiver (OECTC). The OECTC leverages the electronic wettability switch characteristic of conjugated polymers to convert sensed signals into a valve mechanism for controlling the release of chemical substances (e.g., drugs and neurotransmitters). This provides an all-in-one solution for synchronized signal recording and substance release for physiological modulation. The applications of the OECTC in intelligent wearable devices for managing type II diabetes and as a neural amplifier or inverter for neurotransmitter modulation are demonstrated.