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Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

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Stirring-induced vortex augmented ultrasonic cavitation for algae inactivation.

Yao Wang¹, Jiaxin Li¹, Mengxia Tang¹

¹School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang 312000, China.

|September 12, 2025

Summary

Combining mechanical stirring with ultrasonication (US) significantly boosts algae removal by enhancing cavitation and reactive oxygen species. This eco-friendly approach offers a scalable solution for sustainable algal bloom mitigation.

Keywords:

Algae inactivation Cavitation Reactive oxygen species Ultrasonication Vortex

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Published on: October 5, 2018

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Chemical Engineering
Water Treatment

Background:

Ultrasonication (US) is an eco-friendly, chemical-free method for algae removal.
Standalone US application faces limitations due to low energy efficiency and weak cavitation effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the synergistic effects of combining mechanical stirring with US for enhanced algae removal.
To improve cavitation dynamics and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production for more effective algal treatment.

Main Methods:

In situ measurements of cavitation pressure and ROS concentrations (hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen).
Comparative analysis of algal physiological responses (photosynthesis, oxidative stress, cellular integrity, metabolism) under US alone versus combined US and stirring.
Hydrodynamic field analysis to understand energy distribution and bubble dynamics.

Main Results:

Combined system showed 1.71 times higher cavitation pressure than US alone.
ROS concentrations were significantly amplified: hydroxyl radicals (84x), superoxide radicals (7x), and singlet oxygen (18x) compared to US alone.
Combined treatment led to pronounced algal functional impairments, including disrupted photosynthesis, increased oxidative stress, compromised cellular integrity, and metabolic dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Mechanical stirring synergistically enhances US efficacy by optimizing energy distribution and intensifying cavitation.
The enhanced hydrodynamic field amplifies ROS production, leading to severe algal damage.
This combined approach presents a scalable and sustainable solution for algal bloom mitigation.