Iatrogenic nerve injury in upper limb surgery excepting shoulder

Upper limb nerve injuries, although uncommon, represent a major source of morbidity and medicolegal issues. They may occur in various contexts: during patient positioning, regional anesthesia, or the surgical procedure itself. This article provides a synthesis of the mechanisms of injury, the nerves at risk according to anatomical regions (from the arm to the hand), and simple preventive measures to be adopted in each situation. We emphasize the importance of knowledge of anatomical landmarks, safety zones, and the clinical settings most likely to cause injury. A reasoned diagnostic and therapeutic approach is also proposed in cases of suspected or confirmed postoperative nerve injury. Particular attention should be paid to raising awareness among young practitioners and disseminating simple strategies to reduce iatrogenic risk in upper limb surgery.