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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

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Immunometabolic Circuits in Infection for Advancing Host Directed Therapies
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Targeting the immunometabolism interface: A novel strategy for IPF therapy.

Ganggang Li1, Yuzhi Huo1, Xiaochuan Pan1

  • 1Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.

Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
|September 12, 2025
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) involves immune cell metabolism changes that drive fibrosis. Targeting these metabolic and immune pathways offers new therapeutic strategies for IPF patients.

Keywords:
Fibrosis pathogenesisIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisImmunometabolismTherapeutic targets

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease marked by tissue remodeling and fibrosis.
  • Emerging research highlights the crucial role of immunometabolism in IPF pathogenesis.
  • Dysregulated metabolic pathways significantly impact immune responses and fibrotic progression in IPF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current findings on immunometabolism interactions in IPF.
  • To emphasize the potential of metabolic reprogramming and immune modulation as novel therapeutic strategies.
  • To identify challenges and future research directions for IPF treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on IPF, immunometabolism, and related molecular pathways.
  • Analysis of key regulators like PPARG, SPP1, and signaling pathways (mTOR, AMPK, HIF-1α).
  • Synthesis of evidence linking metabolic dysregulation to immune cell function and fibrosis.

Main Results:

  • Key molecular regulators (PPARG, SPP1) and signaling pathways (mTOR, AMPK, HIF-1α) orchestrate immune cell polarization, fibroblast activation, and ECM production in IPF.
  • Immunometabolism dysregulation is central to IPF pathogenesis, modulating immune responses and fibrotic progression.
  • Therapeutic targets at the intersection of metabolism and immunity are promising for IPF treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic reprogramming and immune modulation represent novel therapeutic avenues for IPF.
  • Significant challenges remain in understanding precise mechanisms and translating preclinical findings into clinical practice.
  • Future research should focus on biomarkers, target refinement, and personalized therapies to improve IPF outcomes.