Organoids as predictive platforms: advancing disease modeling, therapeutic innovation, and drug delivery systems

As three-dimensional (3D), physiologically relevant models, organoids are rapidly becoming revolutionary platforms in biomedical research. With their ability to recapitulate tissue architecture, disease heterogeneity, and patient-specific therapeutic responses, organoids have revolutionized applications from disease modeling to precision medicine. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in engineering organoids through integrations with microfluidics, genetic editing, bioprinting, and artificial intelligence, which can collectively enhance microenvironmental control, functional maturation, and scalability. The multifaceted biomedical applications of organoids across disease modeling, regenerative medicine, drug evaluation, and precision oncology are also summarized. We further highlight the role of organoids in advancing drug delivery systems by validating targeting efficiency, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profiles. Finally, we address persistent challenges in vascularization, immune integration, and standardization while outlining future strategies for interdisciplinary innovation to harness organoids' full potential in reshaping biomedicine.